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![The maintenance of a stable hydrogen ion concentration ([H+]) in body fluids is essential to life. The pH of a solution is defined as the logarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocal of the H+ concentration ([H+]), ie, the negative logarithm of the [H+]. The pH of water at 25 °C, in which H+ and OH– ions are present in equal numbers, is 7.0 (Figure 1–2). For each pH unit less than 7.0, the [H+] is increased tenfold; for each pH unit above 7.0, it is decreased tenfold. In the plasma of healthy individuals, pH is slightly alkaline, maintained in the narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45. Conversely, gastric fluid pH can be quite acidic (on the order of 2.0) and pancreatic secretions can be quite alkaline (on the order of 8.0). Enzymatic activity and protein structure are frequently sensitive to pH; in any given body or cellular compartment, pH is maintained to allow for maximal enzyme/protein efficiency.](https://mynewspapers.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/General-Principles-Energy-Production-in-Medical-Physiology.jpg)
